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翻译研究
法律翻译研究:推定
2022-06-25

在法律英语中,推定一词有多种表达方式,但词典上未必解释为“推定”一词,需要根据文义来判断并做出准确翻译。以下是“推定”的几种表达方式:
 
        1、 presume/presumed/presumptive/presumption
        a document purporting to be such a certificate and to be signed by or on behalf of the enforcing authority in question shall be presumed to be such a certificate unless the contrary is proved.与上述证书具有相同效力并经相关执行部门或其代表签字的文件, 应当推定为上述证书, 但另有相反证据的除外。
        The Commission "has to be presumed to have the competence that is required to carry out an independent evaluation of the proposed outer limits of a coastal State."“必须推定委员会有权对沿海国提出的外部边界进行独立评估”
the presumptive inclusion of pre-dispute ADR clauses into all of a business' contracts推定在所有商业合同中包含争议前的替代争议解决条款
        The dates contained on the forms of proxy presumptively determine the order of execution, regardless of the postmark dates on the envelopes in which they are mailed.委托书表上所列多个日期按照先后顺序推定为委托书的签署日期,不考虑邮寄委托书的信封上显示的邮戳日期。
        No presumption or burden of proof or persuasion shall be implied by virtue of the fact that this agreement was prepared by or at the request of a particular party or that party's counsel.不得以本协议由该方、该方律师编制或在该方、该方律师的要求下编制为由, 作出任何推定、提出举证责任或辩护理由。
        The Parties have jointly negotiated and drafted this Agreement and this Agreement shall be interpreted without presumption favoring or disfavoring any party by virtue of authorship of any provision of this Agreement.本协议由双方共同协商并起草, 解释本协议时,不得以任何一方是本协议任何条款的作者为由,作出对该方有利或者不利的推定。
        Defendant correctly states the Section 1452(c) creates only an evidentiary presumption, and not an "unrebuttably indisputable fact." 被告正确地指出, 第1452条第(c)款仅作出了有关证据推定的规定, 并未规定“无可争辩的事实”。
 
        2、deemed
        a Deemed Liquidation Event  推定清算事件
        the day on which the notice is served or deemed to be served 通知的送达日期或推定送达日期
 
        3、construe/construed/constructive/construction
        an actual or constructive total loss of the Vessel船舶的实际全损或推定全损
        constructive fraud推定欺诈
        当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的, 推定为未变更。A Contract term is construed not to have been amended if the parties failed to clearly prescribe the terms of the amendment.
        The language used in this Agreement shall be deemed to be the language chosen by the Parties to express their mutual intent, and no rule of strict construction shall be applied against any Party.本协议中使用的语言应当视为各方为表达共同意图而选择的语言, 不得对任何一方适用严格推定规则。
 
        4、imply/implied
        No comment is implied or may be inferred beyond the matters expressly stated herein.除本协议中明确载明的事项外,不存在任何推定或推理的意见。
 
        5、treat\treated
        The offer must be made by notice specifying the number of shares offered, and limiting a time within which the offer, if not accepted, is treated to be declined.要约应当以通知的形式发出, 说明拟出售的股数,并指定推定要约被拒绝的截止时间。
        At least 14 days' notice (exclusive of the day on which the notice is served or treated to be served, but inclusive of the day for which notice is given) of any general meeting must be given to persons entitled to receive notices of general meetings from the company.召开任何股东大会之前至少十四(14)天(不包括通知的送达日期和推定送达日期,但包括发出通知的日期)前, 应当向有权收到公司股东大会通知的人发出会议通知。
 
        6、assume/assumed
        Neither Party shall assume that consents required under this Agreement are given without first obtaining the consenting Party's written confirmation to such consent.
本协议要求一方事先获得另一方同意的, 在获得另一方的书面确认之前, 不得推定获得了另一方的同意。
assumed truth and accuracy of that certificate推定证书的真实性和准确性
 
        7、take/taken
        that is taken to have been issued by a Shareholder under clause 29.2(g) 推定为股东根据本协议第29条第2款第(g)项的规定发出的
 
        8、隐含表达方式,例如:
        The Commission being a treaty body, has no a priori powers to establish authoritative interpretations of the LOS Convention wording.委员会虽然是一个条约机构,但不得推定委员会对《洛杉矶公约》的措辞具有作出权威性解释的权力。
        The Purchaser is entitled to rely, without inquiry, upon any document delivered by a Seller Representative as being genuine and correct and having been duly signed or sent by such Seller Representative.买方有权在未经询问的情况下推定卖方代表交付的任何文件是真实、正确并由卖方代表正式签署或发送的。
        This Agreement does not constitute one Party as representative or agent of the other Party for any purpose whatsoever. 无论出于何种目的, 不得依据本协议推定一方是另一方的代表或代理人。
        unless his dissent shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting or unless he shall file his written dissent from such action with the person acting as the chairman or secretary of the meeting before the adjournment thereof or shall forward such dissent by registered post to such person immediately after the adjournment of the meeting. 异议应当载入会议记录中, 但董事或代理董事在休会前向会议主席或秘书提出书面异议,或在休会后立即以挂号邮件将异议转发给会议主席或秘书的, 不得推定该董事或代理董事同意会议上采取的行动。
 
         以上仅为笔者拙见,如有不当之处,请同行批评指正!

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